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[其他] 华德福( Waldorf )教育与蒙式(Montessori)教育比较

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发表于 1.1.2008 23:17:06 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
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A Look at Waldorf and Montessori 中文翻译

原文见http://www.awsna.org/awsna-faq2.html



华德福和蒙台梭利的比较 吴蓓 译

Barbara Shell
                             
吴蓓


这篇文章涉及到华德福和蒙台梭利教育哲学方面的一些对比,是基于我30年的教师生涯(华德福学校和公立学校),基于我个人在蒙台梭利学校的观察,以及和蒙台梭利老师一起参加的学习班。

首先我想强调即使在同一个教育哲学体系内,由于老师个人风格和理解的不同,班级和班级之间就存在着很大的差异。我主要讨论形成对比的一些领域。在这两种教育哲学中,都对儿童充满着极大的尊重和崇敬,我把关注点放在这几个方面:游戏和想象、社会性发展、玩具、结构和秩序。

华德福哲学把游戏(Play 也可翻译为玩耍)看作是幼儿的学习过程和激发想象力的过程,游戏富有生机,是老师作用于孩子的一个完整部分。老师还把讲故事和想象力溶入课程中。

蒙台梭利哲学认为,年幼的孩子还不能清楚地区分现实与想象,涉及到想象的活动应该推迟到孩子在现实中打稳了基础之后。蒙台梭利班的孩子,他们的任务和活动是具有现实性的。蒙台梭利说儿童对玩具的喜爱是一种错误,如果没有与大小、数字相联系的智力兴趣,孩子不会真正长久的对玩具感兴趣。

华德福教育认为玩具能够帮助孩子重新感受从现实中来的体验,这对孩子的成长至关重要。越是简朴的玩具,越具有开放性,教育作用越大,因为它越能激发孩子的想象力。在华德福幼儿园里,有许多从桦树树干上锯下的圆木头,有海边的贝壳,有用于服装或盖房子的长条丝绸或棉布,特别是有柔软的布娃娃,他们的脸上点缀着最简单的特征,为在游戏中扮演的角色留下丰富的想象。

蒙台梭利教育中,幼儿通过操作来学习阅读和算术。每一种操作材料供有步骤的使用,最终达到一个特定的学习概念,如不能想象为城堡围墙的数棒。蒙台梭利教室是一个开放的教室,有许多孩子可以从事准备好的活动,大部分活动,孩子以自己的速度独自进行,每一位孩子在一块小毛毯上做着与别人不同的事。只有当孩子提出要求,才能得到老师的帮助。在不干扰别的孩子学习的情况下,人际交往才能发生,如老师帮助孩子去学习一项新的任务,或等着另一位孩子完成手中的学习用具。

华德福哲学强调孩子逐渐学习怎样成为一名社会中的人。孩子在社交方面的成长和我们做的任何其它事一样重要,教师要帮助孩子发展良好的社会行为,通过一起做活动,唱歌或游戏培养集体意识,在分歧中帮助孩子学会让步、合作。

蒙台梭利教室里,孩子可以随心所欲走动,一天的活动不分学习、休息或游戏,孩子分为几个混合年龄组,3至6岁、6至9岁,9至12岁,各为一组,孩子们自由选择他们的活动,以个人化的方式进行。在蒙台梭利教育中,保护儿童的选择是一个重要原则。而对艺术不太强调,艺术和音乐活动取决于教师的能力和兴趣。

相比之下,华德福教育认为孩子是在节奏中茁壮成长,如大自然中的日夜交替、四季轮回。有时候大家作为一个集体共同参加活动,有时候和小朋友一起玩,或一个人自己玩。还有做手工、画画、做面包的时候,有表演故事,做手指游戏,或者看木偶戏的时候。在孩子们的游戏和活动中,老师观察孩子的特点,设计出能让不同个性的孩子相互平衡、和谐互助的集体活动。

老师围绕四季的变化开展节日活动,来自大自然的力量结合到艺术活动中,利用故事、唱歌、儿童诗等激发孩子的兴趣和想象力。

在孩子的世界里他渴望节奏和秩序,华德福和蒙台梭利都认识到这点,但赋予的解释不同,两者都认为物质环境需要一种潜在的秩序,以便孩子能有安全感。蒙台梭利教育强调在现实的基础上,让孩子摆脱想象。华德福教育则利用自然的材料,如石头、贝壳、木块、手工制作的玩具、小精灵、简朴的娃娃、木头雕刻的动物等,加强孩子的想象世界。

皮尔斯(Joseph Chilton Pearce)在《奇妙的儿童》一书中写道:

“用想象的素材填满概念的缺口,忽视所有的差异,这是孩子游戏的本质。重要的原则是:表面上是游戏,实质上是学习。儿童的精神(mind)运作在概念性大脑部分(the basic conceptual brain set)而不改变它。游戏的现实就像成年人的现实,既不是世界,也不是精神大脑(mind-brain),而是这两者的结合。孩子的智力是在想象自己与世界的转化中发展起来的。这方面极其引人入胜。他的意识沉浸在想象中,现实成了游戏,对孩子而言,时间总是现在,地点总是这里,行动的总是我,他还没有能力具备成人关于想象和真实世界的观念。他只知道一个世界,他所置身的游戏就是真实的世界,他不是在生活中做游戏,而是游戏就是生活。”

皮亚杰(Jean Piaget)表示:

“对孩子来说,游戏和现实不是对立的。在这两种情况中,信以为真都是武断的,没有什么逻辑理由。孩子把自己玩的游戏看作现实,就像他把现实看作愿意和成人一起玩的游戏,我们必须承认孩子的游戏构成了一个自治的现实,而孩子对‘真正’的现实理解,他的真实感低于我们成年人。”

蒙台梭利把孩子的大脑看作像海绵一样可以吸收知识和经验。从孩子很小的时候就给他挑战智力的任务,结果你就得到一个受过教育的孩子。

在华德福教育中没有唯智力的推动。我们活跃和丰富孩子健康的想象力和创造思维,孩子自身拥有这种能力。当孩子从一个阶段发展到另一个阶段,他的潜能就像一朵花的花瓣渐渐开放。

在华德福幼儿园,我们不追求早熟的“学习之花”,这种“花”也许被许多人赏识。我们宁可放弃这种快速的满足,而关注孩子最大的利益,保护他的童年,我们期待孩子们将来成长为健康完整的人。


2003年8月18日 翻译


选自<Waldorf Education-------A Family Guide>
edited by Pemela Johnson Fenner and Karen,L. river
1992
<Waldorf and Montessori:A Comparison>
第97页至第99页
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 楼主| 发表于 1.1.2008 23:18:28 | 只看该作者
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 楼主| 发表于 1.1.2008 23:19:14 | 只看该作者

抱歉,下面的还没有中文翻译

What a pleasure it was to read the open and tender dialogue between four wonderful Montessori and Waldorf educators (Holistic Education Review, Winter 1990).  I have cherished both movements for years.  I helped found the Shining Mountain Waldorf School in Boulder, Colorado, and have worked with the Montessori movement during the past five years as well.  It has been a delicate business, straddling the fence with these two dear friends.  Each kindly granted me an exemption, agreeing to overlook that I was also befriending the other in my spare time.  Nonetheless, I rarely saw openings for sharing the wonders of one movement with the other.

For a long time I held each movement in separate compartments in my heart and my head, considering the paradox of how they could both be so sound, so "right" - and so different.  Then, one day I was attending a lecture at the Naropa Institute, a Buddhist-inspired college in Boulder that is my third dear friend, and where I love most to teach.  Dr. Jeremy Hayward commented that the Buddhists regard wisdom (basic goodness) and skillful means (right action) as the two wings of the dove.  All of the Eastern parallels tumbled through my mind then - the feminine and masculine principles, the yin and the yang, and the way each contains the other in seed form.

In that state of mind I thought again about my paradox:  How could it be that Montessori and Steiner (founder of the Waldorf Schools) made sense, not as mere halves of what could be a good system if only put together, but as wholes themselves?  Suddenly I saw these two inspired leaders and their movements as a pattern of reverse symmetries.  I would like to describe some of these patterns here.

Rudolf Steiner began his spiritual activities with the Theosophical Society, eventually breaking away to form his own movement, which he called anthroposophy.  Whereas Steiner's affiliation with theosophy occured early in his life, Maria Montessori's happened late in hers.  She was visiting in India when World War II broke out and prevented her from returning to Italy.  She was interned in Adyar, India, for six years and forced to slow her busy life to the tempo of that Indian city - which just happened to house the international headquarters of the Theosophical Society.

It was also this war experience that drew Montessori to press for peace education above all else.  War played a vital role in drawing forth Steiner's vision, too, although it was the aftermath of World War I in his case.  Steiner was asked by Emil Molt, owner of the Waldorf Astoria cigarette factory, to devise an approach to education that could serve both the children of the workers and the management, and work toward reuniting a culture torn by war and class differences.

War brought about Steiner's initial invitation to participate in the formalization of an educational philosophy, and it brought to Montessori a deeper spiritualization of work already well underway.  Her work in education had begun with children in the Italian ghettos, children who would have been destined to find no niches in society without her dramatic interventions.

There are other reverse symmetries as well.  Steiner, a male in a masculine country at the end of a very masculine act of war, was asked to instill the feminine principle of honoring the basic goodness and inner wisdom of the child by reintroducing the arts and reawakening the heart forces.  In contrast, Montessori, a female in a feminine country already infused with the arts, offered disenfranchised children the masculine service of enculturation, apprising them of the environmental niches in society and building up skillful means in them so that they could take their place in the society.  Whereas Steiner worked to rekindle the imaginations of overly hardened children,  Montessori worked to diminish the excessive imaginative life of children who used that realm as an escape from a reality they couldn't grasp.  She strove to "normalize" them, to bring their practical activities and their imaginations into proper balance.
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